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I like to use various Arduino boards for AVR development. What I do notlike are the Arduino libraries. They are often justwrappers around libc functionsor rewrites of functions libc already provides.Serial communications is one good example. Arduino provides you with itsown implementation of
Serial.print()
,Serial.println()
and Serial.read()
methods. Atthe same time AVR Libc has proven printf()
,puts()
and getchar()
functions. This articleexplains easy implementation of libc functions used for serialcommunications.If you do not have much experience in programming it is probablybetter to stick with Arduino libraries. They are good at hidingsome of the confusing features of embedded programming. However changesare you grow out of them after few projects. Atmel datasheets are not asconfusing as they first appear. You might also want to check thefinished codeof this article.
Configuring UART
AVR microcontrollers have three control and status registers. Register
UCSR0A
mostly contains status data. UCSR0B
andUCSR0C
contain all the configuration settings. See thetables in the end of article for all possible values.AVR Libc provides helper macros for baud ratecalculations.Header file requires
F_CPU
and BAUD
to bedefined. After including the header file UBRRL_VALUE
,UBRRH_VALUE
and USE_2X
are defined. Firsttwo are used to set UART speed. Last one is used to determine if UARThas to be configured to run in double speed mode with given baud rate.UCSZ20
UCSZ01
and UCSZ00
controlthe data size. Possible sizes are 5-bit (000), 6-bit (001), 7-bit (010),8-bit (011) and 9-bit (111). Most common used data size is 8-bit.With above bits we can set most common configuration: no parity, 8 databits, 1 stop bit.
Writing and Reading From UART
You can transmit data to UART by writing a byte to USART Data Register
UDR0
. First you have to make sure UART is ready to transmitnew data. You can wait until USART Data Register Empty UDRE
flag is set. Alternatively you can wait after each byte to transmissionbe ready. USART Transmit Complete TXC0
is set whentransmission is ready.You can receive data from UART by reading a byte from USART DataRegister
UDR0
. USART Receive Complete RXC0
flag is set if to unread data exists in data register.Redirecting STDIN and STDOUT to UART
FDEV_SETUP_STREAMmacro can be used to setup a buffer which is valid for stdio operations.Initialized buffer will be of type
FILE
. You can defineseparate buffers for input and output. Alternatively you can define onlyone buffer which works for both input and output. First and secondparameters are names of the functions which will be called when data iseither read from or written to the buffer.To prepare our
uart_putchar
and uart_getchar
function to be used with streams we have to change the definition a bit.To properly format output we also force adding a carriage return afternewline has been sent.Now we can redirect both STDIN and STDOUT to UART. This enables us touse AVR Libc provided functions to read and write to serial port.
Control and Status Registers
UCSR0A Bit # | Name | Description |
---|---|---|
bit 7 | RXC0 | USART Receive Complete. Set when data is available and the data registerhas not be read yet. |
bit 6 | TXC0 | USART Transmit Complete. Set when all data has transmitted. |
bit 5 | UDRE0 | USART Data Register Empty. Set when the UDR0 register isempty and new data can be transmitted. |
bit 4 | FE0 | Frame Error. Set when next byte in the UDR0 register has aframing error. |
bit 3 | DOR0 | Data OverRun. Set when the UDR0 was not read before thenext frame arrived. |
bit 2 | UPE0 | USART Parity Error. Set when next frame in the UDR0 has aparity error. |
bit 1 | U2X0 | USART Double Transmission Speed. When set decreases the bit time by halfdoubling the speed. |
bit 0 | MPCM0 | Multi-processor Communication Mode. When set incoming data is ignored ifno addressing information is provided. |
UCSR0B Bit # | Name | Description |
---|---|---|
bit 7 | RXCIE0 | RX Complete Interrupt Enable. Set to allow receive complete interrupts. |
bit 6 | TXCIE0 | TX Complete Interrupt Enable. Set to allow transmission completeinterrupts. |
bit 5 | UDRIE0 | USART Data Register Empty Interrupt Enable. Set to allow data registerempty interrupts. |
bit 4 | RXEN0 | Receiver Enable. Set to enable receiver. |
bit 3 | TXEN0 | Transmitter enable. Set to enable transmitter. |
bit 2 | UCSZ20 | USART Character Size 0. Used together with UCSZ01 andUCSZ00 to set data frame size. Available sizes are 5-bit(000), 6-bit (001), 7-bit (010), 8-bit (011) and 9-bit (111). |
bit 1 | RXB80 | Receive Data Bit 8. When using 8 bit transmission the 8th bit received. |
bit 0 | TXB80 | Transmit Data Bit 8. When using 8 bit transmission the 8th bit to besubmitted. |
UCSR0C Bit # | Name | Description |
---|---|---|
bit 7bit 6 | USART Mode Select 1 and 0. UMSEL01 and UMSEL00 combined select the operating mode. Available modes are asynchronous(00), synchronous (01) and master SPI (11). | |
bit 5bit 4 | UPM01 UPM00 | USART Parity Mode 1 and 0. UPM01 and UPM00 select the parity. Available modes are none (00), even (10) and odd(11). |
bit 3 | USBS0 | USART Stop Bit Select. Set to select 1 stop bit. Unset to select 2 stopbits. |
bit 2bit 1 | UCSZ01 UCSZ00 | USART Character Size 1 and 0. Used together with withUCSZ20 to set data frame size. Available sizes are 5-bit(000), 6-bit (001), 7-bit (010), 8-bit (011) and 9-bit (111). |
bit 0 | UCPOL0 | USART Clock Polarity. Set to transmit on falling edge and sample onrising edge. Unset to transmit on rising edge and sample on fallingedge. |
More Reading
Full source codeof this article. USART entry in QEEWiki byQ. Serial Communication Using AVR Microcontroller USARTby Engineers Garage. Serial Communication Notesby Rod Byrne.
Want to improve your understanding of electronics? Try the Basic Electronics for Arduino Makers video course from Udemy.
Posted in AVRElectronics on 19 Nov 2011.
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